Where is peshawar pakistan

It had been once the center of Gandhara civilization and has subsequently been ruled by Persians, Greeks, Buddhists, Kushans, Afghans, Mughals, Sikhs and the British, up to the independence of Pakistan in Under the latest revision of Pakistan's administrative structure, promulgated in , Peshawar was given the status of a city district.

Earlier its administrative status was divisional headquarter. Despite the fact that Peshawar holds key to the gateway of subcontinent, the etymology of the name of Peshawar is obscure as different names were used at times.

The history of Peshawar can be traced back to the Persian rulers, the Alchaemenians and Sassanians. Zahiruddin Muhammad, known as Babur, was a fierce warrior who was also noted for his love of music, gardens, and poetry. He chronicled his life and exploits in a personal memoir, the Babur-nama. A descendant of the legendary warrior-rulers Genghis Khan and Timur Tamerlane , he was born in in the Ferghana region of Central Asia.

Babur ascended the throne of his familial kingdom in , following the death of his father, and his territorial ambitions remained focused on Central Asia, most notably the city of Samarkand, which he captured a few times but was never able to hold successfully. From his base in Kabul, which he gained in , Babur turned his attention to the south and launched five different incursions into northwest India.

In the following two years, Babur expanded his territory in northern India by defeating the region's other major power, the Hindu Rajput kings. He died unexpectedly in and his empire passed onto to his son, Humayun, and his grandson, Akbar , who established the political and administrative framework for the Mughal Empire.

The Mughal Empire was founded in CE, peaked around and steadily declined into the 19th century, severely weakened by conflicts over succession. Mughal rule began with Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur , who invaded northern India from his post in Kabul, and overthrew Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi sultans. At its height, the Mughal Empire included most of the Indian subcontinent and an estimated population of million people.

The empire's primary activities of war and expansion were supported by a strong central administrative and political system fully developed under Akbar , the third Mughal emperor. Under Akbar's rule , the empire expanded north to Kabul and Kashmir, east to Bengal and Orissa, south to Gujarat and southwest to Rajasthan.

Establishing himself as a spiritual as well as military and strategic leader, Akbar promoted a policy of tolerance for all religions. His son, Jahangir , and Jahangir's wife, Nur Jahan, who was highly influential in court politics, carried on Akbar's policies of centralized government and religious tolerance. India's economy grew under the Mughals as a result of the empire's strong infrastructure, expansion and trade with Europeans, who established bases in various Indian ports.

Shah Jahan —58 , Jahangir's son, diverted wealth away from the military toward magnificent building projects including the Taj Mahal and a new capital city, Shajahanabad, site of a royal fortress and the largest mosque in India, the Jama Masjid.

Shah Jahan's reign marked a turn toward a more Muslim-centered government, which his son Aurangzeb favored in contrast with his other son Dara Shikoh , who favored a more diverse court. After a two-year fight for succession that resulted in Shah Jahan's imprisonment and Dara's death, Aurangzeb — assumed the throne. He reversed many of Akbar's policies supporting religious tolerance, and Islamic religious law sharia became the foundation of Mughal government. By the late 17th century, the empire was in decline, weakened by succession conflicts, an entrenched war waged by Aurangzeb in the south, growing inequality between rich and poor and loss of support from nobles and gentry.

By the midth century, the once great Mughal Empire was confined to a small area around Delhi. Jalaludin Muhammad Akbar Akbar the Great became the third emperor of the Mughal Empire while just a teenager and ruled from — Spending half of his reign at war, he consolidated Mughal power and expanded the empire to Gujarat, Bengal and Kabul—not since Ashoka's reign nearly 2, years earlier was so much of India united under one ruler.

Extensive land surveys and assessments enabled Akbar's territorial expansion and attempted to protect peasants from unfair taxes. Other administrative reforms included a system of military ranking that required nobles to raise troops for the military and increased loyalty to the emperor by making nobles directly responsible to him for their rank. Akbar's reign saw lucrative trade with Europe, especially in cotton textiles, and word of his achievements and reputation spread to that continent.

In , Elizabeth I sent an ambassador to India bearing a personal letter to Akbar, who was on a military expedition and did not meet with the English emissary. Akbar and his chief advisor, Abu'l Faz'l who wrote Akbar—nama , a year—by—year account of Akbar's reign linked kingship with divinity, redefining the ruler as a military, strategic, and spiritual leader. Recognizing that hatred among the various religious groups threatened to undermine the empire, Akbar, himself a Muslim , promoted racial tolerance and religious freedom under the policy of "universal tolerance" or "sulahkul.

A student of comparative religion, he welcomed visitors of all faiths—including Jains , Jesuits, Hindus and Zoroastrians—to his court. Discussions with these visitors led him to develop his own religious teachings, Din—i—Ilahi or "divine faith," that sought to transcend sectarian religion.

Music, art and literature flourished in Akbar's cosmopolitan court. Although he never learned to read and may have been dyslexic, he collected an imperial library of over 24, volumes and commissioned translations of many works, including the Ramayana and Mahabharata. District Members cite the Police Order Act as an example of positive attempts to ensure better coordination of police with local government, emphasising the importance of simultaneously limiting political interference in policing and justice.

They typically comprise retired army officials, elected District Members, and members of the judiciary. Education represents a key area in which the City District Council is exerting increased control and directing growing resource. Local government leaders note a significant projected increase in the number of teachers across the province, with the figure of 15, additional teachers for KP alone reported.

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